Human-type sialic acid receptors contribute to avian influenza A virus binding and entry by hetero-multivalent interactions

Human-type sialic acid receptors contribute to avian influenza A virus binding and entry by hetero-multivalent interactions

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It is believed that human Influenza HA glycoprotein attaches to alpha2-6 linked sialic acids (SA) on cells, while avian viruses bind us polo assn womens socks to alpha2-3 linked sialic acids, therewith contributing to host tropism.Here, Liu et al.show that mixing low-affinity alpha2-3 SA with low amounts of high-affinity alpha2-6 SA increases binding and entry of human viruses and the converse for avian virus.This shows domeless quartz nails that receptor recognition is not as strict as currently assumed and provides evidence that heteromultivalent interactions between human/avian HA and SA contributes to host adaptation.